{"id":25440,"date":"2026-07-03T11:13:37","date_gmt":"2026-07-03T09:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/2026\/07\/03\/strategies-for-managing-heat-stress-in-calves\/"},"modified":"2026-07-03T12:21:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-03T10:21:30","slug":"strategies-for-managing-heat-stress-in-calves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/2026\/07\/03\/strategies-for-managing-heat-stress-in-calves\/","title":{"rendered":"Strategies for managing heat stress in calves"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"25440\" class=\"elementor elementor-25440 elementor-25429\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7733c20b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7733c20b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b2f985f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b2f985f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the common perception of livestock farming, heat stress is a phenomenon that mainly affects lactating cows. However, research and field evidence show that <strong>calves are just as vulnerable<\/strong> to high temperatures. <\/p><p>Whilst cooling systems are now standard practice for adult cows, calves often spend the summer in facilities which, if not managed properly, can turn into veritable \u2018heat traps\u2019.<\/p><p>Managing heat stress is not just about improving animal welfare, but also about protecting the farm\u2019s future investment: a calf that suffers severe heat stress in the early stages of life will see its growth performance and future efficiency compromised.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e0eafb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e0eafb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The physiology of stress: when the calf \u2018suffers\u2019<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dcc7ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dcc7ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The calf\u2019s welfare is closely linked to the surrounding microclimate.<\/p><p>Studies indicate that calves are within their thermal comfort zone when the ambient temperature is between <strong>13\u00b0C and 25\u00b0C.<\/strong> Above this threshold, conditions become critical. <\/p><p>The universal benchmark is the <strong>THI (Temperature-Humidity Index)<\/strong>, an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity. When the THI reaches <strong>72<\/strong>, calves begin to show the first signs of \u2018distress\u2019, but unlike adults, the signs in calves may be more subtle yet equally serious. Let\u2019s look at them below: <\/p><ul><li><strong>Hyperventilation<\/strong>: an increase in respiratory rate to dissipate heat through pulmonary evaporation.<\/li><li><strong>Sweating<\/strong>: a process which, whilst useful for cooling the body, results in a massive loss of fluids and minerals.<\/li><li><strong>Lethargy<\/strong>: a reduction in movement to avoid generating further metabolic heat.<\/li><\/ul><p>Above <strong>25.5\u00b0C<\/strong> \u2013 identified as the <strong>UCT (Upper Critical Temperature)<\/strong> \u2013 calves are no longer able to maintain a constant body temperature without expending additional energy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9953734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9953734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The nutritional paradox: greater nutritional needs, less appetite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6c0a9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6c0a9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the most insidious effects of the heat is a change in feeding behaviour. During the summer, intake of starter feed (solid) tends to fall dramatically. This creates a paradox: whilst the calf eats less, its<strong> energy expenditure on thermoregulation increases<\/strong>. The energy that would normally be channelled into growth and the development of the immune system is \u2018burned off\u2019 to maintain thermal homeostasis.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-681add8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"681add8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The crucial role of milk and water<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0567b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0567b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To compensate for this energy deficit, it is essential not to restrict milk intake. Providing the right amount of milk or milk substitute is the key strategy for ensuring the calorie intake required for growth during the summer months. <\/p><p>At the same time, fluid management becomes the cornerstone of survival. The <strong>availability of fresh<\/strong>, clean water is not only a legal requirement but a biological necessity. Research shows that the amount of water consumed directly influences the development of the rumen. In summer, water intake may increase independently of starter feed consumption; therefore, water must always be available, right from the first days of life.   <\/p><p>One detail that is often overlooked is the <strong>temperature of the water<\/strong>: water that is too hot is unpalatable, reducing the total intake of fluids. Furthermore, to support the animal\u2019s physiology and prevent dehydration caused by sweating, it is strongly recommended that <strong>electrolytes be added to the water.<\/strong> These help to maintain cellular osmotic balance without the need for therapeutic intervention.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fd355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48fd355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Housing design to create an ideal microclimate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22b737a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22b737a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Although individual pens or igloos are excellent for controlling neonatal diseases, they can overheat rapidly in direct sunlight. Proper management of these facilities can reduce the internal temperature by <strong>1\u20132\u00b0C<\/strong>, a difference that can be vital for a calf. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf10a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bf10a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Orientation and shading<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d907275 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d907275\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The best structural solution involves installing the \u2018hutches\u2019 with their <strong>openings facing East<\/strong>. This positioning allows the less intense morning sunlight to enter, whilst protecting the inside of the cage from the scorching afternoon sun, thereby minimising direct solar heating. <\/p><p>Artificial shading is another powerful tool. Installing a shade net <strong>positioned 90\u2013120 cm above the cages creates an effective barrier against UV rays<\/strong>, whilst promoting air circulation between the net and the structure. The strategic use of trees or existing canopies can also provide valuable natural shelter.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59091dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59091dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ventilation and airflow dynamics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd896cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd896cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In summer, stagnant air is bad for your health. To maximise air circulation, the cages should be spaced apart: we recommend at least 1<strong> metre of space between them<\/strong> and <strong>3 metres between rows.<\/strong> <\/p><p>A simple but extremely effective technique involves raising the <strong>rear of the igloo<\/strong> by about 10\u201320 cm, for example by placing it on a couple of concrete blocks. This simple adjustment creates a \u2018chimney effect\u2019 or a cross-flow of air which: <\/p><ol><li>Increase the internal air exchange.<\/li><li>It reduces the temperature felt by the calf.<\/li><li>It reduces <strong>ammonia <\/strong>levels, improving the quality of the air we breathe and reducing the strain on the respiratory tract.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f013f1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f013f1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litter hygiene and pest control<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2fae01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2fae01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bedding management undergoes a complete transformation between winter and summer. Whilst straw is unbeatable in the colder months due to its insulating properties (its ability to retain heat), in summer this very quality becomes a disadvantage. <\/p><p>During the warmer months, it is best to use materials with low insulating properties, such as <strong>sand or sawdust<\/strong>, which allow the calf to dissipate heat by conduction whilst lying on a cool surface. Regardless of the material chosen, the key requirement remains dryness: dry bedding drastically reduces the amount of ammonia and, above all, breaks the biological cycle of flies. <\/p><p>Flies are not just an annoying nuisance; their buzzing and bites significantly increase the animal\u2019s stress levels. As flies use damp areas to lay their eggs, keeping the resting area clean and dry is the first line of biological defence on the farm. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aceeec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aceeec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Operational optimisation: the time factor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-697a660 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"697a660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, stress management also involves the organisation of human work. All activities involving the handling of calves or which increase their agitation \u2014 such as moving them, weighing them or vaccinating them \u2014 must strictly be scheduled for the <strong>early hours of the morning<\/strong>. During this time, ambient temperatures are at their lowest and the animal has had the opportunity to recover overnight, arriving at the appointment with a lower basal body temperature.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dabfda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0dabfda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tecnozoo\u2019s solutions to support calves during periods of heat stress<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23c316 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23c316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Managing <strong>heat stress in calves<\/strong> requires an integrated approach, in which the environment, management and nutrition work together to help maintain the animal\u2019s <strong>normal physiological balance<\/strong>.<\/p><p>To meet the various needs of livestock farming, Tecnozoo has developed a range of complementary feeds and supplementary products that can be incorporated into specific nutritional programmes during periods of high temperatures.<\/p><p><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/product\/normoterm-fluid\/\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>NORMOTERM FLUID <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a>is a liquid complementary feed containing natural phytochemicals, including <strong>Salix alba L<\/strong>. and <strong>Filipendula ulmaria Max<\/strong>, formulated to help maintain the animal\u2019s physiological and oxidative balance; it is particularly suitable for periods characterised by high temperatures and reduced appetite.<\/p><p>To support the <strong>normal balance of the gut flora<\/strong> \u2013 a particularly important factor in situations of increased environmental stress \u2013 Tecnozoo offers <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/product\/gardian-one\/\">GARDIAN ONE<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, a complementary feed based on prebiotics and probiotics, designed to support calves during the most delicate stages of their growth.<\/p><p>During the summer months, it is also essential to ensure that <strong>fluid and electrolyte balance<\/strong> is maintained. In this context, <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/product\/reidral-liquid\/\">REIDRAL LIQUID<\/a><\/span><\/strong> provides valuable nutritional support thanks to its supply of mineral salts and readily available energy, making it particularly suitable during periods of high temperatures or increased fluid requirements. <\/p><p>For calves requiring rapid replenishment of water, minerals and energy, <strong>BIREIDRAL 1+2<\/strong> is also available. This is an energy-enriched saline rehydration solution formulated to promote a balanced return to normal nutrition in fatigued or debilitated animals, and as a nutritional aid in situations characterised by digestive disorders, helping to restore the water-electrolyte balance.<\/p><p>For animals requiring specific nutritional support, it is also possible to include <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/product\/dietomilk\/\">DIETOMILK<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span>, a complementary feed developed to support calves during the most critical stages of rearing, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/product\/vitam\/\">VITAM<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>, a vitamin solution formulated to supplement the diet during periods of increased nutritional requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77b812d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77b812d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The choice of the most suitable nutritional programme must always be made by carefully assessing the characteristics of the farm, the age of the animals and the environmental conditions, with the support of the technical advisor and the veterinary surgeon.<\/p><p>Protecting calves from heat stress requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines precision nutrition, environmental engineering and good management practices, because a healthy calf today will be a healthy heifer tomorrow and a productive cow the day after tomorrow.<\/p><p> <\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Would you like to find out which approach is best suited to your herd?<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Request a personalized consultation.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c1c285 elementor-widget elementor-widget-chateau_core_button\" data-id=\"4c1c285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"chateau_core_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m  qodef-button qodef-layout--filled  qodef-html--link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/contact-us\/\" target=\"_self\" data-hover-color=\"#FFFFFF\" style=\"color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #E7131A;border-color: #E2001A00\">\n\t<span class=\"qodef-m-text\">Request now<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the common perception of livestock farming, heat stress is a phenomenon that mainly affects lactating cows. However, research and field evidence show that calves are just as vulnerable to high temperatures. Whilst cooling systems are now standard practice for adult cows, calves often spend the summer in facilities which, if not managed properly, can [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":25439,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1084],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-calves"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Strategie per la gestione dello stress da caldo nel vitello<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Calves can also be affected by high temperatures, with possible consequences for their welfare, feed intake, growth and future development. Recognising the signs of heat stress at an early stage and implementing appropriate management strategies is essential to protect the animals\u2019 productive potential from the earliest stages of life.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecnozoo.it\/en\/2026\/07\/03\/strategies-for-managing-heat-stress-in-calves\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Strategie per la gestione dello stress da caldo nel vitello\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Calves can also be affected by high temperatures, with possible consequences for their welfare, feed intake, growth and future development. 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